Technology and Innovation Essay Example for Free

Technology and Innovation Essay harmonise to Sakiki Fukada-Parr the prominent author of a UNDP report on engineering and education stirs, electronic communications help make societies less hierarchical. He quotes no one skunk see the cut of your suit, and no secretary blocks your passage to the ministers office. Junior employees who would never take up d bed knock on a chief executives door might send him an idea electronically.(The Economist (US), Nov 10, 2001)Cetron Davies, 2001) believes businesses make believe come to confide on engineering for increased production efficiency and more appropriate communication operations. Competition is mounting in the business piece and organisations must possess advantage of the latest technology in order to improve their business functions. Organisations must change the way they act, think and operate internally as their act environment becomes more technologically advanced. All businesses across the world have sufficient com munications tools that make global management much easier. Devices such as e-mail, fax machines and satellite communication are all tools that enable managers to communicate at an extremely high pace.(Heiko 1989) suggests that technology implementation will be intemperately influenced by ethnical factors, such as technological advances between foreign operations. He observed that Just-In-Time approach of inventory management has been favourably received in Japan, leading to considerable savings. However, this is not the case in other countries and believes this is down to unique pagan conditions in Japan such as concern for space, and a deep group oriented devotion to duty, all of which match the requirements of (JIT ) techniques. In conclusion (Heiko 1989) states that the Japanese culture can provide a environment where JIT techniques can expand and develop. (Klien and Ralls, 1995) adds that the more complexity facing an organisation, concerning culture, the less willing the orgai nisation is to implement technology on a wider basis. This whitethorn lead to greater opportunity cost by not adopting the latest techniques across various units, for fear that the results are uneven.Although global firms can benefit from global efficiencies, it is not always appropriate where technology is concerned. Nike for event has a plant in Indonesia where labour cost are low and have access to better distribution channels and production costs are alike low. (Samli, 1985) moots that although there are benefits, consideration has to be given to the fact that labour skills are extremely low and didactics of employees will have to occur in order for them to do their job.On the other hand (Dougherty 1995) suggests that the exchange of technology across national borders is essential. Ford not only transfers technology to foreign countries but also tries to learn from locals. The exchange of expertise and information among people from around the world assists in broadening pers pectives and also assists research and development in transferring information between divisions successfully. This increases the key mass in RD so that organisations are able to attract better people.Innovation enables organisation to improve the pure tone of their output, enter new markets, try out new technologies and develop alternative applications for existing product categories. For organisations must adapt to changing competition, markets, and technologies.(Dougherty 1996)(Venkatraman, MacMillian and McGrath, 1992 Shane 1995) suggest that innovation at heart global organisations may be hampered by cultural barriers. It is important not to block innovation by organisational rules or routines. Based on findings from Hofstedes cultural indices they suggest that cultural barriers may slow down transfer from one unit to another in a multinational organisation(Cox,1991 argues that using cultural heterogeneity leads to greater innovation and more efficient merchandise strategies for the polar types of customers worldwide. He also suggests that because employees come from different backgrounds different perspectives are achieved, therefore creating improvements. (Mejia Palich, 1997) also argue that heterogeneous teams function better than homogenous ones because of cultural differences learning experiences.On the other hand (Keller and Chinta 1990 Snodgrass and Sekaran 1989) argue that expertise and technical know-how are more challenging to develop when differences in cultural backgrounds exist. They state that this plays a major role in the transfer of technology between business units. Empirical research by Davidson and McFetridge 1985) also supports this belief that cultural relatedness enhances the flow of technological know how and the sharing among business units of a global organisation.MARKETINGAccording to (Barlett 1996 Beamish, Killing, Lecraw and Morrison 1994) they are all in discernment that distinct consumer preferences will emerge due to cultural differences. This is expected to lead to the requirement of customisation of the merchandising mix and product strategies. This suggests that production in one artless may not suit production in another. High Uncertainty Avoidance Countries like to buy reliable, predictable goods. In addition to this, although there are divisions (Takeuchei Porter 1986) believe culturally related countries such as (America Canada) can more successfully share market activities and knowledge than those in culturally orthogonal countries such as (America India).With the capacity to cross-sell products in culturally related markets, which reduces information gathering expenses and the uncertainty linked with targeting markets that are totally unrelated. Culturally related countries may find it beneficial to share knowledge regarding market research, sales forces service networks, distribution and advertising, therefore lowering costs. However, (Alder, P 1987) argues that this kind of shar ing is a view more demanding, suggesting that the differences are not just language but that it is a matter of values, mind set and market reactions Take for instance the advertising execute concerning the Marlboro Man. This campaign suited America as society is seen as individualist according to (Hofstede 1984). On the other hand, this campaign was a failure in capital of South Carolina because society is seen as CollectivistThis now leads on the issue of marketing standardisation. This issue has been defined by (Banerjee, 1994 as the determination of commonalty communication objectives and work out whereas (Wills Ryan, 1997) includes in there definition creative and media decisions involving the whole corporation.The issues of marketing standardisation and global marketing have usually been considered in terms of the reliability of the marketing mix elements for a company that enters numerous international markets. Since the 1960s, standardisation of international marketing s trategy has been the focus of many studies (Elinder, 1961 Buzzell, 1968 Jain, 1989), It is still unclear however, whether it is done for the savings linked with standardisation or for the maximisation of the firms products, but the underlying principle of standardisation is to maintain a global image.Rau Preble, 1987 has carried out considerable research on this topic. Multinational Corporations are faced with difficulties when deciding standardisation of advertising across different countries. (Boddewyn, 1991 Jain, 1989). According to (Solberg, 2000) there are two important organisational factors that relate to the phase of standardisation in international markets. Firstly, market knowledge at the level of headquarters (HQ) of local market conditions and secondly HQs control of subsidiaries i.e. (Influence on their marketing decisions). In addition (Martenson, 1987 Rau Preble, 1987 Tai Wong, 1998 suggested that MNCs needed to have a certain degree of control over their subsidia ries in order to implement decisions.(Hite Frazer, 1998) state that, MNCs with a well-known and global image i.e. (Coca cola) tend to apply more control over their subsidiaries in order to maintain the image of the corporation or product (Hill James, 1990) particularly if perceptions of consumers are similar across countries. (Britt, 1974, Jain, 1989). However, in the case of Matsushita in the electronic industry this was not the case as each subsidiary had a disrupt identity, which resulted in major success. This then leads on to market development. (Jain, 1989 Duncan Ramaprasad, 1995) suggest if similar levels of market development are achieved in both home and host countries marketing standardisation would favour MNCs. However, this would depend on the competitive positions in home and host countries of the MNC. Higher degrees of marketing standardisation may be adapted (Jain, 1989 Henzler Rall, 1986) if similarities prevailed in the competitive context that would allow HQ s to make easier decisions regarding competition and to enhance control over the subsidiary and to adopt more beneficial standardisation strategies. (Doz and Prahalad, 1984 Michell Bright, 1995).STAFFING AND TRAININGAs multinational firms globalise they must learn to co-ordinate efforts among an increasingly culturally diverse workforce and environment. Nowadays people tend to be very vindicatory of their cultural identity and caution by others has to be taken so that insult is not caused. Through the years success of Japanese organisations global strategies has promote American firms. Although many point out the advantages, cultural potpourri may leads to conflict, misunderstanding and lack of cohesion.Organisations are becoming more alert of the importance of regeneration to their business activities and acknowledge that by recruiting, promoting and raising a diverse range of individuals in the long-term are a major asset to the organisation in reaching out to their customers . (Tung, 1993) states that cross cultural schooling process, helps in the development of building relations between individuals or groups, especially individuals/groups with diverse cultural backgrounds. (Welch 1998) defines cultural fostering as any form of guided experience helping people to live and work more contentedly in another culture. much(prenominal) training encourages understanding about differences and acceptance of the multicultural work environment and helps create and retain effective work teams and expertise in dealing with multicultural management (Hartenian, 2000) describes the multi-cultural workforce as a workforce that excludes no one, from top-level management to low-level employees. He sees the multi-cultural workforce has one of the main opportunities for an organisation. Take for instance the IBM perspective. IBM have established research labs around the world because the issue of a globally diverse workforce is of the highest importance. This in turn all ows the organisaton to gather ideas from people who experience different economies and culturesAlthough multi-cultural workforces are beneficial to organisations in relation to performance and profitability, they can be very hard to manage. According to (Hill, 92) the key to managing multi-cultural workforces is the realisation that majority and minority cultures do not always share experiences. To solve this managers can adapt different strategies such as developing programmes that promote awareness of different cultures, recognise common links among different ethnic groups and express concerns and confusions. (Hill 1992) believes that if organisations use these strategies, economic benefits will be reaped. This may be easier said than done, (Harisis Kleiner, 1993) argue that the implementation of such workforces are extremely difficult. They say that not only within American society and businesses but on a world wide scale there are widespread barriers. Such barriers include unwr itten rules and double standards for success which are often unknown to women and minorities, stereotypes and their associated assumptions and lack of communication about differences.In global organisations it is essential that effective cross cultural training occurs in order to help individuals obtain both the knowledge and the tools needed to reduce misunderstandings and improper actions (Black Mendenhall 1990) suggest that multi-cultural training provides individuals with greater self confidence and decreased narrow-mindedness about people from diverse cultures. In addition (Barlett and Ghoshal 1990) also pointed out that establishing a multicultural training programme improved the companys ability to operate more efficiently in different cultural environments. Although many multicultural training programmes are undertaken to enhance cultural diversity they are not always successful. According to (Woods 1992) a systematic approach should be taken towards training. (Woods 1992) established a four step bikeFirstly was to specify certain job task of individuals and assess the needs of the corporate culture. Secondly is the identification of training objectives. Thirdly was the establishment of the proper training content in which the following was usedsensitivity training, cultural awareness and orientation programs. In addition(Cox, 1993 Gamio Sneed, 1992 Tung, 1993) introduced the communication competency program. In the final fix up (Milkovich Boudreau 1991) stated that training programs need to verify whether the training is successful in junior members of staffs performances at work. The cycle used was concerned with the effectiveness of the training, however, (Mendenhall Oddou 1986 Tung 1981) comprise factors that deterred individuals.These included lack of specialised trainers, cost and sensed lack of usefulness. Research carried out by (Gamio Sneed 1992) found that the deterrence factors are of major importance. Take for instance the caterin g industry. Mangers in restaurants may blame high staff turnover rates on lack of multi-cultural training, therefore using these rates as the intellectual to ignore the need for training programs. (Jackson 1991) believes that heterogeneity among team members contributes to high turnover rates within organisations. Researchers may find that the relationship between cultural diversity and staff turnover is of major importance to all organisations.According to (Kossek Lobel 1996) the topic of diversity has raised considerable attention over the past decade and is a must for all businesses.In todays business world global leadership is critical not only for global strategies but for ensuring cultural diversity, which involves in astuteness knowledge from business ethics to cultural motivatiors. Organisations are going global because of slow growth in domestic markets and to capitalise on areas such as marketing, research and development, training, technology, production and many more f actors. Organisation are fast realising the importance of diversity. Cultural diversity is the idea that cultural identities should not be treat but in contrast be maintained and respected.The literature which is going to be presented in this paper will examine four main issues. In my opinion these issues are of major importance for global firms. The first issue is the strategies which global firms adapt follw . Secondly, the concept of Technology and Innovation. This sectionalization will in incident provide literature from researchers who believe global firms benefit from cultural diversity in this field. It will examine how technology is changing the business world. Thirdly, the marketing issue.This section will provide relevant literature on how global firms can benefit in relation to standardisation of marketing and how advertising campaigns are perceived by different countries. Lastly, the concept of Staffing and Training. This in my view is one of the most important issues . Global organisations can have all the capital in the world but with out the correct leadership and staff, failure is certain. This topic will in detail will put forward the notion of cross-cultural training and will examine whether or not this is a good idea for global organisations. All the topics mentioned above will have cases for and against by the relevant researchers in each field. I feel this is necessary in order to establish a good understanding of the literature review I am conducting. According to (Tallman Jiatao 1996) diversity has gone from being a moral/legal issue are both into a business necessity.

Plan to Improve Organizational Sturcture and Recapture Market Share Essay Example for Free

Plan to Improve Organizational Sturcture and Recapture Market Shargon essayOver the past few years, conditionPlay Greetings has experienced a sharp decline in market make do as well has extremely proud turn everyplace of gross gross revenue staff. The first major challenge discussed was the limited supply of items that are likewise sold to other national retailers and create competition against Word Plays smaller company owned and franchised stores. The second deal soaringlighted in our discussion was that operations have been inefficient which similarly leads to decline of profitability. punning Management was imposing that high disturbance of sales staff was a major cause of inefficient operations and stressed the importance of addressing this issue. Technological advances are certainly an issue that every industry must consider when trying to keep with or beat competitors. Online options for the greeting card industry have greatly advanced all over the past few y ears offering ways to send expressions electronically and even customize them with photos and voices without having to leave home. It is critical revive WordPlays website and make stores more harmonic to visit with impertinently product lines and customization options that bequeath attract customers and keep them coming back and telling others.Hiring and retaining talented and caring staff is goes upset in hand with keeping up with technology. Knowledgeable and caring sales people are just as fundamental as the product. Developing an organizational culture that inspires and motivates will wait on spark new creative intents and product offerings for WordPlay Greetings. Bryce Dancetty has performed industry research, employee and market surveys, leading to job redesign, development of new selling and product design teams, and improved organizational reward programs that aim at reducing turnover for WordPlay Greetings and getting them back on a path to profits.Introduction Br yce Dancetty Consulting has been running(a) with WordPlay Greetings over the past several months to analyze their business, develop plans to reduce sales staff turnover, revive its product line, improve its organizational culture, and implement new programs that will motivate employees and enrich jobs and career paths. In this report we will review the methods used to collect data and form plans for change. Causes of Business Downturn WordPlay Greetings market share has seen sharp declines over the past few years.Company leaders concluded that causes for this problem stemmed from the limited supply of items that are overly sold to other national retailers and create competition against Word Plays smaller company owned and franchised stores. An additional contributor to their decline was believed to be high turnover with in their sales division. WordPlay leaders agreed to name with Bryce Dancetty Consulting to look deeper in to these issues and how they could be resolved to all eviate them regain market share and do better at hiring and retaining a highly skilled and motivated sales team.Bryce Dancetty Consulting employed the DECIDE Model which is based on statistical science to run across all aspects of the WordPlay business and its environment. The Decide Model allowed us to define the problem(s) and/or opportunities, along with objectives and constraints. Next, the possible decision factors that make up the alternative courses of motion (controllable uncontrollable) are enumerated (given numeric values). Then, relevant nurture on the alternatives and possible outcomes is collected. The next step is to identify and select the opera hat alternative based on chosen criteria or measures of success.Then a detailed plan to develop and implement the alternative selected is created and put in to effect. Last, the outcome of the decision process itself is evaluated. We communicate issues by performing a market research and analysis that focal pointes on the following questions How git Word Play develop products that are exclusive, unique and will help recapture a higher(prenominal) market share? Can store hours be adjusted based on traffic flow and peak sales times in order to reduce labor costs and increase profitability? Are there colleges in the area that may have marketing and/or design students that would be willing to intern and help bring new/fresh product designs to Word Play Greetings? Research was done and information was gathered via surveys, questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups that Bryce Dancetty designed and assembled. Surveys and questionnaires grantd a wealth of information quickly in a non-threatening manner. Most were completely anonymous and done at a very minimal cost. They were administered via mail as well as online.Feedback received via surveys concluded that Wordplay Greeting Cards real product line was universe described as stale by former customers. This perception must be changed in order for the company to regain and increase its market share going forward. Focus Groups were utilized to explore topics related to operational efficiency, product design, marketing strategies, and common complaints regarding products to gain a more in-depth perspective on the best ways to increase market share and profitability.Focus groups yielded results that supported job redesign for the sales division, developing new product design and marketing teams, and creating an organizational culture that motivates and inspires. Sales Division and Sales Clerk Turnover Interviews of corporate employees as well as store staff were performed to better understand their impressions of the current state of the company, their experiences, and their ideas for improvement. From the information gathered, Bryce Dancetty provided a revised job description which is attached in the appendix for review.In addition to revising the job description for sales clerks, Bryce Dancetty made several recommendations t hat do not involve compensation adjustments that can also increase retention of sales staff for Wordplay Greetings. There is a significant need for WordPlay to increase feelings of participation within the organization. While allowing sales associates greater freedom in creating store displays, it is recommended that contests be incorporated to help motivate employees to put forth their best efforts.Allowing sales associates to take responsibility for deciding on how to put together displays is an example of vertically loading the job. Their impropriety increases and they feel more personal accountability for the outcome of their efforts (Hodgetts Heger 2008, pg. 306). Involvement in new product selections through the creation of employee focus groups is also highly recommended. The focus groups will be allowed to participate on conference calls and in web training to assist with selection of new products that will be carried in the stores and also learn how these choices impact t he company financially.This feeds an employees desire to learn and grow in their career, knowledge, and skill (Heathfield 2012). A recent McKinsey Quarterly survey underscores this type of opportunity. Respondents mat up that the chance to lead projects or task forces were often more effective at motivating than financial increases (McKinsey Quarterly 2009). Another way to build a connection within an organization and increase the smack of belonging that employees feel is to create a company newsletter.Newsletters helps share what is happening on a higher level by sharing hot company news being discussed by executives, sharing status on company goals, and stock standings. When there are multiple locations, newsletters help to share what is happening elsewhere and are a great way to share creative ideas, contest winners, and announce new contests. Employee Profiles can be included to highlight accomplishments both inside and outside of the company. The newsletter is also a great wa y to share benefit information, deadlines, health tips, and bid opportunities.Lastly, increased communication between employees and local as well as corporate management will be a key to retention of sales staff. Well-designed jobs anticipate the need for communication. Most employees want to know what is expected of them in the job, how they are doing, how they can improve, what latitude they have in changing how they do their tasks, what should be discussed with a supervisor and when the discussion should occur. Employees rarely complain about too much communication with their supervisor.They often want more communication (Hodgetts Heger 2008, pg. 306). The implementation of a regular newsletter as mentioned above will help with communication, however we are also strongly urging WordPlay Greeting Cards to provide a stronger line of communication via email that will allow employees to contact corporate offices more efficiently for feedback if they have concerns that are not being addressed at a local level and/or ideas that they want to share for improvement.Bryce Dancetty Consulting is confident that the revision of the sales clerk job description which increases responsibility and sense of participation will not only attract more applicants but also encourage company loyalty and lead to retention of a high quality sales staff that can be promoted in to management positions as the business grows. Job Enrichment Job enrichment is a way to motivate employees by giving them increased responsibility and variety in their jobs. Our plans for job enrichment will focus on allowing employees to have more control in planning their behave and deciding how the work should be accomplished.Job enrichment efforts will include adding and clarifying Skill Variety the number of different types of skills used to do a job. This is important because using only one skill to do the same task repeatedly can get very boring. When employees get bored productivity decreases over time. Task Identity A matter of realizing a visible outcome from performing a task. Being able to see the end result of the work they do is an important motivator for employees. This can be accomplished through Job Enlargement. WordPlay will move towards this goal by adding more tasks and responsibilities to real jobs.To illustrate this concept a customer service representative will follow a clients issue from start to finish (phone interrogative through problem resolution). Customer service reps will be given greater access and authority to make account/claim adjustments so that less inquiries need to be escalated. They will be able to take pride in knowing they solved a problem themselves and customer satisfaction is also sure to increase. Task Significance How a job impacts others in the organization. If this is clearly defined, employees will make greater efforts to do their best.

Entrepreneurial Competencies And Business Performance Commerce Essay

Entrepreneurial Competencies And Business Performance Commerce EssayEntrepreneurship is an in mutually beneficial interpretivity carried out at ones protest insecurity, aimed at gaining regular profit from the use of property, sale of goods, performing works or operate by persons registered in the manner prescribed by legal philosophy (Peters, 2006). Entrepreneurship is an essential attribute of a market place economy, penetrating all its institutions.Establishment ( firsting) of a business entity a legal entity, as well as collective rights admitership atomic number 18 not business activities, except cases provided by law.An English professor Alan Hosking states that an private entrepreneur is a person, who runs a business at his own expense, personally manages the business, is personally responsible for providing the obligatory means, and makes decisions independently. His reward is a profit received as a result of business activity, and satisfaction he feels from zip a free business (Rowley, 2010). But along with this, he also has to take the risk of losses in case of bankruptcy of his company. There is no generally accepted scotch theory of entrepreneurship, although the need for such a theory has long been very urgent.The increase of scientific understanding of the practice of entrepreneurship could be roughly called the lead waves of t severallying of the theory of business function.The first wave, which dates back to the 18th century, was associated with concentrating on the risks of an entrepreneur. The second wave in the scientific understanding of the entrepreneurship is associated with close of innovation as its main(prenominal) feature. The third wave is specific for the focus on the particular personal qualities of the entrepreneur (the ability to react to changes in economic and social situation, independence in choosing and decision-making, management skills) and the affair of entrepreneurship as a regulating principle in the b alancing of eco formation (Peters, 2006).The current head of development of the theory of business function underside be attributed to the fourth wave, the emergence of which is associated with the focus on the management aspect in the analysis of actions of the entrepreneur, and therefore on the interdisciplinary level of analysis of business problems.Currently, theoretical studies pay attention not only to entrepreneurship as a way of running business on the independent basis, but also to internecine entrepreneurship, or intrapreneurship (Pinchot, 2000). The emergence of intrapreneurship is associated with the factor that many large industrial structures everyplacetake the entrepreneurial form of organization of take. Since entrepreneurship implies the controlling right for germinal freedom, the units of integrated production structures get the right for the freedom of action, which implies the existence of intra not bad(p) the capital necessary for the implementation of the ideas lying in the base of the intra-company entrepreneurship (Pinchot, 2000 Teece, 2009).Entrepreneurship is a specific kind of economic activity (by which we mean a purposeful activity aimed at profit-making), which is based on self-initiative, responsibility and innovative entrepreneurial idea.Entrepreneurship is characterized by the presence of innovative moment whether it be manufacturing of a stark naked product, change of the profile of activity or establishment of a new enterprise. The new transcription of production and quality management, introducing new methods of organizing production or new technologies argon also innovative moments (Jones, 2003). Entrepreneurship represents a specific type of economic activity, since its initial stage is connected, as a rule, only with the idea the result of intellectual activity consequently gaining the materialized form.1.2. Small and Medium Sized EnterpriseThe classification of bantam and medium-sized enterprises is ordina rily based on the recommendations of the EU Commission of 3 April 1996, which suggests the following parameters (Jeppesen, 2005)Small and medium enterprises are the enterprises having less than 250 employees or having an annual turnover of no to a greater issue than ECU 40 gazillion or have a total annual balance sheet not exceeding ECU 27 million satisfy the mensuration of independence.A humble business is defined as an enterprise which has less than 50 employees or has an annual turnover not exceeding ECU 7 million or has a total annual balance sheet not exceeding ECU 5 million satisfies the criterion of independence.If a company initially operate as a small (medium) business within two years exceeds the criterion for the number of employees or capital structure, it loses its status as a small (medium) enterprise (Jeppesen, 2005).Modern socio-economic situation in the world is characterized by (Jones, 2003) Globalization of production and markets, high rates of technological development and modernization, increasing share of high-tech products in the market Short life cycles, high degree of diversification of products and services, sharp fluctuations of motive for different types of products Increasing value of intangible production, creative capital and knowledge economy in the global economy Limited material choices and increasing requirements for environmental friendliness and safety of products Increased demands for quality of goods and services, introduction of matching international quality standards.In these circumstances, SMEs are more flexible in responding to constantly ever-changing market conditions, providing high efficiency of pointment. As the engine of innovation, small sures provide a rapid generation of new jobs and self-employment of population when employment in traditional fields falls, thus weakening the social tension in depressed regions. Increase of the number of economically active citizens helps establish civic awareness of the population, increases creativity and willingness of society to social partnership, reduces the budget social loading, increasing opportunities to invest in development (Bhat, 2004 Jeppesen, 2005 Jones, 2003, Pinchot, 2000).Small Medium Entrepreneurship is the basis of a stable civil society. SMEs not only play a huge social role in supporting the economic activity of most(prenominal) of the population, but also provide signifi nookyt levy revenue. In the current difficult situation, it is the SMEs that give the bounce act as a stabilizer, and therefore are worth the appropriate attention of society and government (Peters, 2006).World experience shows that if the state wants to develop dynamically and steadily, its socio-economic programs should constantly implicate measures to encourage small and medium businesses. Today, in unquestionable countries, SMEs provide 40% to 90% of the gross domestic product (GDP) (Jeppesen, 2005). And so, it is natural that the government s of these states give antecedence to support the sector, providing high guarantees of private property preservation, broad economic independence and freedom of action, support of fair rival and anti-monopolistic activities, preferential loans and financing, substantial assistance in investment.Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are recognized as an important part of the world economy and its economic structure, increasing flexibility, adaptability, enhancing stability at the expense of attracting new workers. The growing importance of small and medium-sized enterprises in industrial development, exports and employment is proved by the data of the grind force participation rates of non-agricultural SMEs (China 84.3%, Hong Kong 63.0% Indonesia 79.2%, Republic of Korea -78.5% Mexico 58.5%, Philippines 32,0%, mainland China 68,6%, Thailand 73.8%) (Jeppesen, 2005).In the 90s, it was typical for TNCs to use the form of small business to expand their production and marketing ne tworks. Such involvement of small enterprises is determined, above all, by the extent of their distribution. Small business is a kind of an antipode to orientation on a standardized large-scale production, which certainly played a role in the 50s and 70s creating in developed countries the basis for their welfare (Peters, 2006).The decisive role in the re judging of SMEs was played by shifts in the socio-economic structure of developed countries, the change of orientation in consumer attitudes, motivation of drudge. A differentiated point demand started to form. Individualization of custom has changed the paradigms of service provision, stipulated the emergence of small flexible units able to rapidly respond to consumer demand (Bhat, 2004).Partial modernization that helped SMEs to fix in the world economic structure, and most importantly, rapidly changing consumer demand have created a new principle of production and sales, named customization. Its meaning is the orientation of m anufacturer to the universal satisfaction of buyers requests, constant appeasing of consumer, and his binding to manufacturer.So the increase in the number of SMEs and their forms are directly dependent on industrial policy in general small businesses are closely related to large ones, which updates the SMEs. Governments of the newly industrialized countries have managed to create hawkish conditions in the economy, despite the strong position of major national conglomerates. Achieving a critical mass of SMEs in the national economy may be a factor of self-sustaining out harvesting.2. Entrepreneurial Competencies and SME PerformanceIn the study The competitiveness of small and medium enterprises. A conceptualisation with focus on entrepreneurial competencies, homosexual, Lau and Chan (2002) developed and analyzed a conceptual model describing the transactionhip among the specific characteristics of SMEs owners and their companies speciality. The presented pattern is built out of four concepts competitive scope, organizational capabilities, entrepreneurial competencies and firm performance, which will be analyzed in further subsections.Fig.4. A multi-dimensional construct of SME competitivenessSource Model of (Man et al, 2002), The competitiveness of small and medium enterprises A conceptualization with focus on entrepreneurial competences.2.1. Competitive scopeThe competitiveness of the enterprise is a sexual relation feature that expresses the difference between the development of the company from the development of competitive firms in the degree of satisfaction of peoples needs and in the efficiency of production. The competitiveness describes the capabilities and dynamics of the companys adaptation to the conditions of market competition.The competitiveness of the enterprise depends on several(prenominal) factors the competitiveness of goods in a domestic and foreign markets, type of goods produced, market capacity (number of annual sales), simplici ty of market access, homogeneity of market, competitive position of companies already operating in the market, competitiveness of the industry, ability of technological innovation in the industry, competitiveness of the region and republic (Man 2002 Jeppesen, 2005 Jones 2003).As the world practice of market relations shows, the general principles that provide a competitive advantage to producers are (Jeppesen, 2005 Jones 2003)-Aim of each employee to act, to continue the job once it started.-Closeness to the customer.-Establishment of autonomy and creative atmosphere at the company.-Increased productivity through the use of peoples abilities and their desire to work.-Demonstrating the importance of common values.-Ability to hold ones ground.-Simple organization, minimum of management levels and personnel.-Ability to be both soft and hard. Keep the most important issues tightly controlled and pass less important ones to subordinates.The competitiveness of product and competitivenes s of manufacturer relate to each other as part and whole. Companys ability to compete on a certain commodity market is directly dependent on the competitiveness of goods and the range of economic methods of the enterprise, impacting the results of competition.In the entrepreneur-consumer relations, the consumer acts as an index number of the business offshoot. The entrepreneur, in planning and organizing his activities cannot ignore consumers interests, expectations, and estimates. However, this situation does not mean that the entrepreneur is obliged to act only in strict accordance with the identified interests of consumers. He himself can form consumer demand and create new shopping needs.Thus, the entrepreneurs aim is the necessity to win consumers, to create his own range of consumers.The main means of entrepreneurs influence on consumer are the following factors (Jones, 2003) novelty of the product and its compliance with consumer interests quality price, availability of goo ds degree of universality of goods presentation and packaging positive characteristics differing the goods from other producers access to after-sales services conformity with generally accepted or government standards prestige and attractiveness of advertisement, etc.Competition is an adversary activity between producers for the most profitable markets. The competition serves as a motivational force that compels manufacturers to improve product quality, reduce production costs, and increase productivity.Market competition and competition of countries they are located in have a mutual influence. At the heart of these main aspects of competitiveness is something that can be called soft components of competition, which cannot be evaluated in monetary terms and are difficult to quantify.In the industrialized countries, these components are usually more important than in developing countries. At the same time, soft components cannot be politically manipulated, and changing them requires more time than, for example, increasing productivity or building infrastructure. Despite the lack of developed methods of study, this group of factors of competition cannot be ignored. They include the following (Pinchot, 2000 Man 2002 Steenkamp 2010) work ethics, flexibility and willingness to self-improvement, willingness to work in the service sector, level of claims, openness to the outside world, labour mobility, spirit of competition.2.2. Organizational capabilitiesObviously, the stock market is ready to regard the value of some businesses higher, while the value of these estimates exceed than the indicators that reflect the real results of their activities. The gap between market and balance value of equity can be explained by the influence of those resources that are not included in the balance. These resources can justify the high market valuation only in the future when they start to work effectively, providing the company a substantial increase in profits. Such expectati ons are largely associated with intangible organizational capabilities (Man, 2002).Considering organizational capabilities as dynamic units, D. Teece (2009) defines them as the possibility of firms to integrate, build and reconfigure internal and external competencies in response to rapid environmental change. In fact, we are talking about controlling processes, which occur at all organizational levels of the enterprise. These processes in turn can be regarded as taking place in the time sequence of actions to meet the challenges. Each process can be controlled good or bad. Quality of control depends on the organizational capabilities of the enterprise.Dynamic capabilities of an enterprise can be narrowed to controlling three types of processes integration, reconfiguration, and training (Teece, 2009). The purpose of the integration process is to ensure efficient and effective coordination of resources. Moreover, these processes are the re-treatment of the already known tasks. There fore, organizational capabilities, associated with the control over the integration processes, can be characterized as the replication capacity. Numerous case studies indicate the presence of a positive alliance between replication capability of the enterprise and the growth of business.The ability to control reconfiguration processes can be described as the ability to recognize the need of reconfiguring the structure of corporate assets and carry out the necessary internal and external transformation. This requires continuous monitoring of markets and technologies and the willingness to use the best practical experience. Reconfiguration processes lead to broad changes in the resource equipment of the enterprise (Bhat, 2004).The organizational capability to control the breeding process includes the processes which through repetition and experimentation are helping to resolve problems collapse and faster. It also allows the entrepreneur to identify new industrial opportunities. T hese organizational capabilities are seen as an important part of the replication and reconfiguration ability of the enterprise and are effectively expressed in them (Pinchot, 2000 Teece, 2009). D. Teece (2009) also distinguishes two types of training analytic (learning in the first place doing) and experimental (doing before learning).Consolidation of organizational capabilities in the enterprise is the important factor in the calculations on the extended growth of the company, which requires the right balance between exploitation of existing and new capabilities. The essence of exploitation is to improve and expand existing skills and experiment with new alternatives (Steenkamp, 2010).Thus, the excess of market value of the enterprise over the balance value is due to the influence of its intangible resources, particularly organizational skills. Following the approach described by Man and Lau (2002), the potential organizational capabilities include innovative ability, ability to maintain or achieve high quality cost effectiveness and organicity as the ability to create organic organizational structures. The better the company codifies and transfers the knowledge of the staff, the higher is its efficiency, and thus the market value of the company. Generally, the market value of the enterprise grows, if it is well controlled processes of abstraction and absorption of knowledge and skills.2.3. Entrepreneurial competenciesThe main economic goals of the SMEs in the market conditions are improving production efficiency, profit maximization, conquest of new markets and meeting the needs of the team. However, with the growing of influence of economic risk factors, there appear the advantages of free pricing, the possibilities of self-selection of suppliers and consumers. Entrepreneurship as a process is a complex chain of targeted actions of entrepreneurs, possessing certain entrepreneurial competencies (Table 1), since the inception of entrepreneurial ideas and e nding with their embodiment in specific business projects.Table 1 showing Entrepreneurial competencies, their behavioral focus and preliminary elements.Adapted from (Thi, 2009)This process requires large expenditures of all factors of production, it is a good deal doomed to a temporary setback, but eventually the entrepreneur is satisfied with the income. Consequently, entrepreneurship as a process involves the search for new creative ideas, their analysis and valuation from the perspective of market needs and economic benefits, the formation of goals to implement the ideas, turning ideas into a new enterprise, the development of new products, improvement of the production organization, i.e. in implementing and translating ideas into concrete results (product, technology, services, etc.), bringing the entrepreneur the profit (Rowley, 2010 Steenkamp, 2010).Development and implementation of enterprise strategy consists in managing the economy at the micro level (Steenkamp, 2010), wh ich requires the construction of an appropriate system that performs the following functions directing (justification of goals and choice of ways of achieve them) coordinating (balancing of the major resource constraints and coordination of conflicting interests of all participants of production process) stimulating (activation of the driving forces of development).Experience shows that with the complexness of implementation of all tasks, one of the most difficult to implement is the last of these functions. It aims to motivate the employee to the success of the common business and the realization of his abilities and opportunities. Typically, traditional methods help to solve such a problem in practice only partially. According to experts (Jones, 2003 Bhat, 2004 Man, 2002 Rowley, 2010), most national economies now use less than a half of the creative potential of its employees (and this is obviously one of the root causes of the current crisis situation). Therefore, the way out of the deadlock should be sought in the motivation of people, in the first place, that is, in the sphere of interaction of their interests and benefits. But this requires a clear understanding of the composition and structure of economic interests in a managed team, it requires knowing and taking into account the interests not only common to the whole enterprise, but also the specific ones those of teams units (primary, ancillary, administrative, etc.), as well as of different categories of workers (by gender, age, skill level, etc.). The internal instrument of economic management, the mechanism of stimulation and motivation cannot operate without such knowledge (Bhat, 2004).However, the external outline is equally important the mechanism of interaction between enterprises with different agents and contractors, partners and competitors in the region, country and abroad. This mechanism is even more complicated because of its novelty and the set of largely unfamiliar requirements intr oduced today by the market. The development of the models of behavior of enterprises with entities of external outline of relationship requires continuous analysis monitoring tracking the status of the external outline and timely identifying the emerging problems. First and foremost, it is the problem of marketing.Thus, the tasks mentioned above can be shared out into two levels macroeconomic (development of rules of the game by public authorities) and microeconomic (direct adaptation of concrete businesses to the new conditions of production and consumption of goods).According to the conceptualized model of the authors (Man, 2002), Strategic and load competencies, competitive scope, and organizational capabilities will positively influence the performance of an SME through their interactive effect.2.4. Firm performanceFirm performance or efficiency is the most important qualitative characteristics of management at all levels. It is a measure of production activity on the distrib ution and processing of various resources (tangible and intangible) (Man, 2002 Peters, 2006 Phusavat, 2007). Performance can be measured through the coefficient the ratio of results at the output of the resources and at their entrance.The problem of performance is in general is not new it exists in change interpretation from the period of appearance of material production and reflects the relationship of production relations of a particular type of production. Under the conditions of market relations, when the results of one market actors depend on the clarity and coherence of other actors, the problem of efficiency is a decisive one.The system of performance indicators should provide a comprehensive assessment of the usage of all enterprise resources and contain all the general economic indicators. General indicators primarily reflect the final results of production and implementation of strategic tasks. usable indicators are used to analyze and identify the effectiveness of res erves, eliminate bottlenecks in production.As a multidimensional phenomenon, performance can be measured by the following 4 groups of indicators (Phusavat, 2007)1. General indicators of economic efficiency (the rate of output growth, overall profitability and its growth, etc.)2. Labor efficiency indicators (growth rate of labor productivity, share of growth in output as a result of productivity growth, etc.)3. Indicators of fixed assets, operating assets and capital investments (capital productivity ratio, growth of operating assets to the growth of commodity output, the relative savings of production capital funds, working capital turnover, payback period of capital investment, etc.)4. Performance indicators of material resources (relative savings of material costs, decrease of specific consumption of materials, etc.).Table 2 showing mostly used financial performance measuresSource taken from the research of (Thi, 2009)Table 3 showing financial and nonfinancial measuresThe provided indicators reflect the combined result of entrepreneurial activity. They are aggregated by many factors and may, in fact, be called generalizing. However, entrepreneurship includes a number of relatively independent activities industrial, financial, commercial, communicating, each of which has a direct impact on the results and thus, largely determines the performance of the entire business system. Each activity creates its own results, calculated in the indicators, reflecting the performance of individual business subsystems.If for evaluating the performance of the financial subsystem it is possible to use a set of indicators and parameters such as income from operations, cost of sales, net income excluding share of profit of associated companies, net tax before taxation and others, for a subsystem like the manufacturing one it is appropriate to suggest the following additional indicators (Peters, 2006 Phusavat, 2007) production efficiency calculated by the type of resource output labor productivity profitability measure of the effectiveness of industrial relations system of indicators reflecting the efficiency of production management indicator of the efficiency of HR management system of indicators characterizing the efficiency of use of production and marketing education and others.The effectiveness of commercial subsystems can be assessed using ratios that make up the book of product sales and expenses for the organization of its marketing and promotion, as well as indicators expressing coherence, interdependence and complementarity of the various elements of confer chain indicator of the effectiveness of various sales channels, marketing systems, and intermediaries system of indicators reflecting the effectiveness of sales network index of reliability of intermediaries selection system of indicators reflecting the effectiveness of sales and marketing information indicators of the extent to which supply chain goals comply with objectives of marketing d uration of the implementation period (in relation to the cost of the marketing) indicator of the relative value of the profit in the total turnover. public speaking separately on the effectiveness of communication subsystem, it must be emphasized that it is, in this case, not the whole system of market communication (effectiveness of various communication links is evaluated in different subsystems), but the communication between producer and consumer. This subsystem can use the following additional performance indicators (Steenkamp, 2010) effectiveness of advertising (economic and socio-psychological) effectiveness of sales promotion system of indicators of exhibitions effectiveness of use of various means of advertising influence effectiveness of motivation study system of indicators that reflect the information components effective use of tools for creating public opinion about the company and its products.The index image of the enterprise deserves special attention. It can be use d as an indicator of the result not only in the communicative subsystems, but in some cases and in relation to the entire system of entrepreneurship. For example, if a business entity is steer by the concept of socio-economic marketing and suggests operating in the long run, it can build target settings based on the need to strengthen consumers trust, to acquire the necessary social status and public recognition. In this case, the assessment of its performance can be performed through the characteristics that reflect its image (Steenkamp, 2010 Bhat, 2004 Man, 2002).The disadvantage of such assessment is essential conventionality of the resulting indicators obtained with the help of the expert method. It can be reduced by the full use of norms and rules pertaining to expert modeling.In general, business performance can be evaluated not only by the size of the profit, but also by changes of the market value of the enterprise.The economic efficiency of production refers to the degree of utilization of ample capacities, which is indicated by the relation of the results and costs of social production. The higher result at the same cost, the faster it grows in the calculation per unit of socially necessary labor cost, or the less the cost per unit of useful effect, the higher is the production efficiency. The generalized criterion of economic efficiency of social production is the level of labor productivity.

Wireless Communication: Applications and Limitations

piano tuner Communication Applications and LimitationsWireless CommunicationsINTRODUCTIONFirst of totally, the meaning of radio essential be clearly identified Wireless communications ar the applied science that uses any type of waves to substitute the use of c equal to(p)s and wires in order to create colligate (or a certain round-hearted of connectivity) between different devices such waves pot be radio waves, infr bed waves, or microwaves.Even though many plenty think that radio set communication is a brisk form of technology, the truth is that many devices that already existed for many decades use radio receiver technology, in one counsel or a nonher, to accomplish the tasks or to deliver the services that they were designed for. Such devices include radio and television transmission-reception devices, military communication devices and many much(prenominal). Mostly, such technology was being utilised only by governments and large organisations.The difference tha t appe ard in the last few years is the one that involves calculator systems and a nonher(prenominal) related pieces of equipment and that which involves telephony and communications, which made it possible for individuals and atrophied and medium organisations to have access code to such technology and to be able to use it for specific and someonealised uses.WIRELESS communication theoryToday, wireless communications be growing steadily in al roughly all sectors, which include home and individual uses, organisational and governmental uses, and scientific and research institutional uses as well. This is evident in every aspect of connectivity that is present and that is available for each person of us mobile phones (especially those classified as smart-phones) are the near wide-spread devices that utilise wireless communications for nearly all the requirements that wireless technology supplys this includes wireless voice connections, data and messaging connections, and multimedia (audio and video) exchange links. For those devices to be able to accomplish that, they cover around of the types of frequencies that are available through the use of technologies such as infrared, Bluetooth, WiFi, GSM and much more.Wireless Local Area Net pastures ( wireless fidelitys) are the most significant technological advancement since the beginning of the computer (and the Internet) age. Such technology provides the possibility of active connectivity to companies, universities, schools, research institutions, and even entities of a far slimer nature. A growing number of homes is presently applying Wlocal area engagements because it can provide the users with the same kind of service without the need for cables.Prasad and Ruggieri (2003) give more details somewhat WLANs by stating that WLAN systems are a technology that can provide very risque data rate applications and individual links (e.g., in company ingroupus areas, conference centers, airports) and r epresents an enchanting way of setting up computers networks in environments where cable installation is expensive or not feasible. They represent the coming together of two of the fastest-growing segments of the computer assiduity LANs and mobile computing, thus recalling the attention of equipment manufactures. This shows their high potential and justifies the big attention paid to WLAN by equipment manufacturers. Whereas in the early beginning of WLANs several patented products existed, nowadays they are mostly conform to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE) 802.11b (also cognise as Wi-Fi) prototype. It operates in the unlicenced 2.4-GHz band at 11 Mbps and it is shortly extended to reach 20 Mbps.When talking about wireless computer connectivity, it must be stated that there are two regularitys in which it operates today. The setoff is the Ad Hoc mode, or Independent Basic benefit Set (IBSS). This is a peer-to-peer wireless network. This means th at it does not have an access point controlling the conversation. This method is usually employ for small networks which brood of 5 or less users. Its point of access which manages the conversions is gone and the clients send beacons to each other These beacons contain a timer synchronization function (TSF) to ensure that the timing is correct. This function is usually handled in the access point. The second method is the Infrastructure mode, which is called Extended Basic Service Set (EBSS). This is the main type of wireless network. In an EBSS, an access point controls all traffic. Setting up a wireless network in this course requires a piece of net running(a) equipment referred to as an access point. This access point is where the Ethernet data is converted into a wireless signal that is then transferred out through the access points antenna. To hear and understand this signal, a wireless network interface card is needed. This card has a small antenna inside it and can hear t he wireless signal and transfer it to the computer (Earle, 2006).As is the case for what concerns wired computer networks, wireless networks are every Wide Area Networks ( crazy) or Local Area Networks (LAN).As for the wireless LANs, Vacca (2003) explains that wireless data local-area networks (WiFi LANs) have surged in popularity. WiFi LANs provide network access only for approximately ccc ft close to each access point, entirely provide for bandwidth up to 11 Mbps for the IEEE 802.11b protocol, and up to 100 Mbps for the emerging 802.11a protocol. Best of all, the technology is available now and affordable and the author explains that their reduced constitute of deployment, compared to that of the wired LANs, made them more benignant in what concerns the enlargement of corporate networks to other locations The wireless data LAN is a nice and clean extension to an offices wired LAN. Wireless data LANs are attractive to offices that want to enable workers to take laptops into a c onference room. Wireless data has a place now According to the author, WiFi is especially popular in the manufacturing, distri scarceion, and retail industriesLiska (2003) explains that the main purpose of victimisation wireless WAN technology is to enable the connection to the Internet and to al measly the connection between different offices (of a certain company, for example) that are located in different geographical locations. The author states that Wireless WANs have emerged as a low-cost alternative to a traditional method of Internet access. Wireless WAN connection can offer the same amount of bandwidth as a T1, at a fraction of the cost. Wireless connections are also being deployed in areas where cable and DSL access is not available.Another form of wireless networks is the Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). In this type, the infrastructure network is not required as there is no need for a central link (or main connection of reference) as the connection is created betw een specific small devices and users inwardly a accustomed location. The main basic idea behind personal area network is the possibility to inter-connect two or more user-devices deep down a space of small coverage (that is not more than 10m) where ad hoc communication takes place which is also called personal operating space (POS). The network is aimed at interconnecting portable and mobile computing devices such as laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), peripherals, cellular phones, digital cameras, headsets, and other electronics devices (Prasad and Ruggieri, 2003).To give more details about this kind of wireless network, Vacca (2003) states that the term ad hoc connectivity refers to both the ability for a device to assume any master or slave functionality and the ease in which devices whitethorn join or leave an existing network. The Bluetooth radio system has emerged as the first technology addressing WDPAN applications with its salient features of low power consump tion, small package size, and low cost. Wireless data rates for Bluetooth devices are limited to 1 Mbps, although actual throughput is about half this data rate. A Bluetooth communication link also supports up to three voice channels with very limited or no additional bandwidth for bursty wireless data traffic.For what concerns the standards of wireless networking, we find that for many years the systems were dependant on manufacturers, and this created problems regarding the compatibility of different systems with one another that is why many standards are now present for use with the wireless systems. This made the industry struggle the IEEE to switch some wireless standards and help facilitate the growth of wireless with common standards that allowed various manufacturer cards to work with various manufacturer wireless networks The standards used today include the 802.11 standard which was the first WLAN standard accepted by multiple vendors as a true industry standard, Other standards are 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11c, and the 802.11g which was approved by the IEEE in 2003. There are other standards such as The 802.11i standard which is a security standard that can apply to other 802.11 standards and there is the 802.11j which is for use in Japan only (Earle, 2006).According to Pallato (2004), a unified 802.11n Wi-Fi leading be widely used soon. The 802.11n is based on a saucy-sprung(prenominal) radio technology called MIMO (multiple input/multiple output) that allows the transmission of up to 100M bps over a much wider range than the earlier versions. This leave behind sure as shooting be a step in the right direction in attempting to unify all the wireless standards into one technology that can be friendly to everyone anywhere. But this unification is facing problems and delays Reardon (2006) explains that the new standard that will allow notebook users to connect to wireless access points at much faster speeds than is shortly available will be del ayed.. The IEEE approved a draft version of the standard called 802.11n, after much controversy and infighting among chipmakers. A second draft was due for the standard by late fall of this year 2006, but now a new draft wont analogously be ready until January 2007. This could push back the final ratification of the standard until 2008 The delay in adopting a standard has been caused by the nearly 12,000 changes to the draft that have been submitted to the standards group.The future of the wireless communications technologies is promising this is because more mobility and speed are the most required factors in what concerns inter-connectivity, they are certainly more desired than the wired options, especially that the cost and the security options are being improved constantly. Though still an imperfect technology, wireless data LANs are, nonetheless, booming and remain at least one trade segment thats expected to achieve its anticipated growth rate. IDC forecasts worldwide wirele ss data LAN semiconductor revenue alone to grow at a 30 percent compound annual growth rate during the next 4 years. And, 68 percent of networking solution providers already deploy wireless data LANs and WANs (Vacca, 2003).As can be seen by now, wireless technologies are becoming more requested and more used by all sectors of users, from large organisations to schools to home and office users. The overwhelming success of the mobile phone devices (especially the smart-phones with the possibility to have Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Infrared links) will force the industry to grow faster and to provide the instruments and the hardware needed for its propagation for note prices. One of the emerging realities of today is what is called Wi-Fi covered towns The more hotspots (or Wi-Fi access points) there will be available in homes, offices, coffee shops, restaurants, and bookstores, the more the covered city concept can be put to practice. And with the arrival of the $100-smarphone by the year 2008, more and more people will find themselves directly inside the wireless age. Some are already talking about providing the Wi-Fi service through traditional radio frequencies, and with that, what we were accustomed to in what concerns TV reception can be used for wireless connections to the internet, and through that to the entire world. According to Long (2006), One of the latest WLAN technologies and one of those that are expected to flourish within the next 5 years, MIMO, or multiple-input multiple-output, splits the connection workload within a LAN into multiple data streams for additiond range and throughput. Another technology, OFDM, or orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, is a technique for transmitting large amounts of digital data over radio waves.The future of communications is already known Every individual will be able to get connected to any group of users he/she chooses, will be connected to his work network on the move and at his home and even when he/she is on vacation with no PDA or laptop. This is why the future seems to be revolving around the WPANs. The Wireless network installation and application will be extremely cheap that continuing with wired networks will be totally unacceptable by all means.APPLICATIONSEven if the beginning of the wireless applications was focused on applications related to vertical markets such as retail, warehousing, and manufacturing, current growth is being driven by other market segments. These include enterprise, small office/home office, telecommunications/Internet service provider (ISP) and the public access throughput compared to cellular mobiles networks are the lead drivers for wireless LAN deployment. Voice over IP (VoIP) is also expected to drive this technology in the future (Smyth, 2004).Vacca (2003) explains that an entire range of applications and services are either dependent on wireless technology or are to be deployed depending on it. The author mentions the service of Triangulation w hich can be (and is being) used to locate the smear of a mobile device through measuring the distance from two or more known points. Another application is Assisted GPS for determining the accurate geographic position of the device in use. One important service that is also mentioned is the High-Resolution Maps service. Another important application of wireless networks is the one give to rural areas and locations where no cable or wire related new technologies can reach, for this the wireless technology can be deployed through send. A new breed of satellite technologies and services allows providers to bring high-speed, always-on, two-way access to the planets farthest reaches. For example, McLean, Virginiabased StarBand Communications (a joint venture of Israeli satellite powerhouse Gilat Satellite Networks, EchoStar Communications, and Microsoft) is the first company to launch two-way consumer service in the United States.The potentials for wireless applications are endless i n virtually all sectors. Such applications can be used for workers and sales employees, for warehouse personnel who order parts, for accountants who generate invoices, and for transportations companies such as DHL and UPS. New applications are appearing at an ever-increasing rate. Mobile workers, such as salespeople, field service technicians, and delivery people, are an obvious target for new wireless applications. Wireless technology applications can strengthen these workers with tools and data access capabilities that were previously limited to desk-bound employees (Hayes, 2003).With wireless communications, data transfer (especially of larger files, such as those related to multimedia audio and video and huge reports and presentations) will become easier whenever the mobile devices become improved in order to utilise higher bandwidths and faster access possibilities. TV and video blow to wireless devices has already started and the improvements will keep on appearing. There are no limits to the applications of wireless technology. We have already reached the technological know-how that enables us to realise almost all the desired wireless applications, and the cost of their deployment and use will drop until it becomes more common than anything else. Any innovation in the wireless technology camp will be profitable to the manufacturers and desired by the users, mobility is something that is becoming more essential for any organisation or individual that aims at success.Wireless Applications are in their Internet infancy and awaiting broader bandwidth. As this becomes available the scope for applications on a cost-per-view basis will increase. Of particular interest for the future are the attempts to market WWW by offering software, which relies on the WWWs free infrastructure to be viable, on pay-per-use basis (Bidgoli, 2004).PROBLEMSAs mentioned earlier, one of the most important problems facing the wireless technology today is the different standards used by different manufacturers, but this is a problem that is supposed to be resolved shortly.The real important fill out is security. Earle (2006) mentions some of the security related issues such as Analysis (the viewing, recording, or eavesdropping of a signal that is not intended for the party who is performing the analysis), Spoofing (impersonating an pass client, device, or user to gain access to a resource that is protected by some form of authentication or authorization), Wireless Denial-of-Service (achieved with small signal jammers), and Malicious Code (which can be used to infect and corrupt network devices). These risks are present in both wireless computer networks and in mobile devices such as mobile phones and PDAs.The major solutions for this are encryption and authentication solutions in various kinds and modalities. But still, the security issue is the most important reason for delay concerning the movement of all the applications and services toward the wirele ss realm.Another problem is the bandwidth most mobile devices need to be developed pass on in order to turn the experience of using them into one that is similar to desktop computers and wired LAN connected devices.Works CitedPrasad, R. and Ruggieri, M. (2003) Technology Trends in Wireless Communications. Boston, MA Artech House Publishers.Earle, A. E. (2006) Wireless Security Handbook. Boca Raton, FL Auerbach Publications.Liska, A. (2003) The Practice of Network Security deployment strategies for production environments. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc.Vacca, J. R. (2003) Wireless Data Demystified. New York, NY McGraw-HIll Companies, Inc.Pallato, J. (2004) interconnected 802.11n Wi-Fi Standard to Emerge in Mid-2006. eWeek.com.Accessed 22nd January 2007. Available from reality Wide Webhttp//www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,1735082,00.aspReardon, M. (2006). New Wi-Fi standard delayed again. ZDNet Tech News. Accessed 21st January 2007. Available from World Wide Webhttp// news.zdnet.com/2100-1035_22-6105494.htmlLong, M. (2006) The Future of Wireless Networks. Newfactor.com. Accessed 20th January 2007. Available from World Wide Webhttp//www.newsfactor.com/story.xhtml?story_id=41852Smyth, P. (2004) Mobile and Wireless Communications Key Technologies and Future Applications. London, UK The asylum of Electrical Engineers.Hayes, I. S. (2003) Just Enough Wireless Computing. Upper Saddler River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc.Bidgoli, H. (2004) The Internet Encyclopedia. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley Sons, Inc.Is it better to be an Assigned or Self-Initiated deport in Japan?Is it better to be an Assigned or Self-Initiated Expatriate in Japan?Research Question Is it better to be an Assigned or Self-Initiated Expatriate in Japan?Technology is the backbone of this ever-evolving generation. Japan is not only one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world, but, is also an supranationally recognized hotspot for people who are looking to extradite, and to make a promising future in this culturally un-paralleled location. This report will examine the benefits and disadvantages of being either a Company Assigned Expatriate (AE/CAE/OE) or a Self-Initiated Expatriate (SIE) in Japan. Aspects such as motivation, job satisfaction, cross-cultural adjustment, family factors, compensation, and success factors will be taken into consideration, in this report.To begin the report, it is important to understand what some of the primary differences between charge carrys and self-initiated expatriates actually are. First of all, the assigned expatriate refers to a person who is sent abroad to another country, by the company they are working for, or are sponsored by. While, the self-initiated expatriate refers to a person who goes to another country of their choosing, in interestingness of a better life, often trying to find work on their own. A study done by Torsten Biemann and Maike Andresen, put that SIEs start their international careers a t a younger age, have a higher organizational mobility, and expect higher benefits from international experiences for their future careers (2010). This implies that SIEs may often be upstart graduates, or other young people who do not see much of a career opportunity in their home country, and seek larger and better things abroad. These expatriates are also more bidly to change or rethink their career paths, as compared to AEs, since they have more freedom to do what they would like to, as they were not brought into the country from an employer. Also, from leaving their home country, they would have a notion of achieving more, and have a broader list of goals than AEs, as again, nothing is set-up for them to feel like they are limited. They do not feel like career growth only stems from the company that they are linked to, unlike AEs. However, assigned expatriates seem to be more driven by the career factors in accordance to the company that sent them there, and may have more exp erience than SIEs which seems to be more attractive to employers.Self-initiated expatriation, in most cases, is not an easy task. It requires much motivation, determination, and the ability to take risks. A SIE has to commit to the idea of leaving everything behind and going off to a foreign country with some aim of uncertainty pertaining to their future. The research done by Jan Selmer and Jakob Lauring discovers that SIEs may be motivated to expatriate because they are either escaping from hostile conditions in their home country the refugee, seeking financial stability the mercenary, travelling to a favourable destination the explorer, or finally, in pursuit of career success the architect (2012). Furthermore, another study by the two, Jan Selmer and Jakob Lauring, finds that younger SIEs were more motivated by adventure, career and money when choosing to expatriate (2010). What this means, is that the SIEs that belong to the refugee role, are most often older, may have a lready started a family, and most likely already have adequate work experience, prior to expatriating.However, self-initiated expatriates still consist of more young people and recent graduates on average, as compared to assigned expatriates. Japan is known for having a relatively low average fertility rate, as compared to the rest of the world (Boling, 2008). This may negatively impact young SIEs that are trying to start a family in Japan. More often, AEs, on the other hand, will go abroad with families they have already started in their home countries. AEs are also less likely to start a family in Japan, as they are aware of the fact that they are only there for a finite amount of time. Therefore, it may not be as big as a problem to AEs, on an average. Assigned expatriates are motivated to go abroad for career driven objectives, and will often not look as the new country (Japan) as home, but rather, a stepping-stone in the projection of their careers. SIEs would more often, treat Japan as a new cultural experience, and will end up staying longer than AEs, or even indefinitely unless they do not find success or happiness in Japan. For AEs career-related factors appeared significantly more important to their decision to move abroad, indicating that their desire for an international experience is explicitly coupled with career development and progression (Doherty, Dickmann, Mills, 2011). This implies that, AEs might not have the same level of appreciation for Japan, as a SEI would, and it may contribute to a significantly less level of enjoyment and fulfillment while abroad.It is also important to understand which roles assigned expatriates and self-initiated expatriates often tend to fill in organizations, upon expatriating. These roles can end up defining or being the highlight of these expatriates careers. According to Phyllis Tharenou, the five main purposes of assigned expatriates is toFirst, to set up a new mathematical process and establish foreign o perations in their early stages second, to fill a skills break of serve third, to develop managers international skills fourth, to transfer company culture and knowledge to a foreign operation and gain feedback from it and fifth, to supply the top manager and control the operation and coordinate with headquarters. (2013)This entails that assigned expatriates are given great responsibility and a high position within the organization when expatriated, which also implies that self-initiated expatriates would have to spent more time in the company to work up to that same level, since SIEs are most likely to be an unsuitable alternative to CAEs for roles requiring firm-specific knowledge (Tharenou, 2013). This might be the case, even if the AEs and SIEs may have the same or comparable level of education AEs possessed no significant difference in levels of education than SIEs, but were more likely to be in greater positions of authority (Andresen, Biemann, Pattie, 2015). Unsurprisingly, the greater hierarchical position, leads to greater compensation for AEs on average (Sims Schraeder, 2005). Thus, SIEs are also more likely to be underemployed, since, managers would not be confident enough to trust in the SIEs abilities. This would inevitably cause SIEs to be dissatisfied with their jobs and be alienated from the others in the workplace (Lee, 2005). However, with regards to Japan, it seems as if SIEs obtain more skills that compliment them to have an easier experience of cross-cultural adjustment.Japanese linguistic process proficiency seems to be the most important indication in expatriates finding success in Japan. Self-initiated expatriates are much more competent with this skill than assigned expatriates. There may still be language training sessions for AEs, but it is seen as a drag to the management in Japan (Peltokorpi, 2008). This entails that AEs, most likely spend time before expatriating to learn about Japanese culture and the language, and are also likely to spend more time living in Japan than AEs. Thus, they find an easier experience of adjustment to the new culture, since they are prepared for it, in hopes of quickly establishing a successful career abroad. AEs on the other hand, have the sense of security that they will be working immediately upon expatriating. So, they would most likely not go through a lot of preparation for the new culture. However, SIEs would still have to work up to the level of AEs as mentioned earlier, and would likely contribute to a decreased rate of job satisfaction. A study conducted by Fabian Jintae Froese and Vesa Peltokorpi, about expatriates in Japan reaffirms this SIEs drop off from lower job satisfaction because they tend to work more often under HCN (host-country nationals) supervisors regardless of their hierarchical level or the nationality of their employing organizations (2013).The same studies also found that assigned expatriates and self-initiated expatriates react to cross-cultur al adjustment very differently. As established before AEs see expatriation as an important step in their careers, while, most SIEs take it as an opportunity to appreciate culture and absorb knowledge. SIEs increase proficiency in the Japanese language allows them to communicate more with locals, mesh within Japanese culture, and even talk to other expatriates in Japan. While, AEs will remain mostly isolated in their personal lives During their fixed expatriation period in Japan, OEs might be more inclined to interact with other expatriates (Peltokorpi, 2008). As SIEs interact more with locals they receive information about behavioural norms and the rationale for why people behave in a certain way. The ability to act in an appropriate way and predict the behaviour of others tends to reduce uncertainty and increase psychological comfort (Peltokorpi, 2008). This basically means that SIEs will be happier outside of the workspace, as they can enjoy Japanese culture and appreciation for t heir journey. While, AEs, will be happier in the workspace, as they will have higher positions and be perceived as more successful that SIEs, in the workforce.Another report by Nancy Napier and daub Taylor finds that, expatriating to Japan is a much different experience for women. Due to some of the social patriarchal structures still in place, female self-initiated expatriates will have a harder time to reach the level of, and make as much money as male SIEs let alone AEs in an organization. However, female AEs on average, do not face this discrimination, since, they are given and briefed of their position, in their native country, before expatriating. In some cases, women AEs are also offered optional additional cross-cultural training, in order to familiarize themselves with the social contracts and customs of Japan, as they can vary widely from genders and from the constructs and customs of their home country. One problem for female AEs, or AEs in general, can be of repatri ation. This report highlights that In one survey of American expatriates, 40 percent said that, on their return to the United States, there was no specific job for them, furthermore another study found that 26 percent of the American expatriates surveyed were actively looking for a different job within one year of returning to the United States (1996). It is also important to note that this report was a little dated, as it was compiled in 1996 many things could change in a timeframe of almost two decades.To conclude, and to answer the initial research question, both assigned expatriates and self-initiated expatriates have their own unique benefits and setbacks. Preferring to be either an AE or a SIE, depends on what each individual expatriate values in their life. In review, AEs will most likely come to Japan in the pursuit of an increased repertoire and are more driven by career factors. AEs will most likely also start off in a high position (higher than that of a SIE), and in turn , will earn more money, while in Japan. SIEs, on the other hand, can come to Japan for varied reasons, but in order to succeed, they all have to have some skills to help them prepare for this unique culture. Many SIEs have great Japanese-language proficiencies and have a trend to appreciate the culture and the locals more, as, they will most likely want to stay longer in Japan, than AEs. However, they will usually start off in lower positions, compared to AEs, even though they may have the same level of education. This may lead to them being underemployed and contribute to an overall job dissatisfaction. Women looking expatriate on their own to Japan, also need to consider that they will be facing additional challenges due to the patriarchal structure over there, and may not be happy about their compensation. Thus, may consider expatriating to Japan, through company sponsorship from their native countries. With all of the pros and cons weighted and in consideration, it seems as if being an assigned expatriate may better suit most peoples characteristics. Not many people would like to shift to Japan for life (or most of their lives), thus, assigned expatriation provides a great opportunity to experience Japanese life and culture, while making more money than SIEs, on average. AEs are also given the chance to expatriate elsewhere, and see more of the world after their experience with Japan. SIEs may choose to repatriate to their native countries, but most would choose not to be a SIE again, as they may find it to be too much of a commitment.ReferencesBiemann, T., Andresen, M. (2010). Self-initiated foreign expatriates versus assigned expatriates. ledger of Managerial Psychology,25(4), 430-448. doi10.1108/02683941011035313Selmer, J., Lauring, J. (2012). Reasons to expatriate and work outcomes of self-initiated expatriates.Personnel Review,41(5), 665-684. doi10.1108/00483481211249166Selmer, J., Lauring, J. (2010), Self-initiated academic expatriates Inherent d emographics and reasons to expatriate. European Management Review, 7169179. doi10.1057/emr.2010.15Boling, P. A. (2008). Demography, culture, and policy Understanding Japans low fertility.Population and Development Review,34(2), 307-326. doi10.1111/j.1728-4457.2008.00221.xDoherty, N., Dickmann, M., Mills, T. (2011). Exploring the motives of company-backed and self-initiated expatriates. International Journal Of merciful Resource Management,22(3), 595-611. doi10.1080/09585192.2011.543637Doherty, N., Richardson, J., Thorn, K. (2013). Self-initiated expatriation and self-initiated expatriates.Career Development International,18(1), 97-112. doi10.1108/13620431311305971Tharenou, P. (2013). Self-initiated expatriates An alternative to company-assigned expatriates?Journal of Global Mobility,1(3), 336-356. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1108/JGM-02-2013-0008Andresen, M., Biemann, T., Pattie, M. W. (2015). What makes them move abroad? reviewing and exploring differences between self-initiated and assigned expatriation.The International Journal of world Resource Management,26(7), 932-947. doi10.1080/09585192.2012.669780Sims, R. H., Schraeder, M. (2005). Expatriate compensation.Career Development International,10(2), 98-108. doi10.1108/13620430510588301Lee, C. H. (2005). A study of underemployment among self-initiated expatriates.Journal of World line of business,40(2), 172-187. doi10.1016/j.jwb.2005.02.005Peltokorpi, V. (2007). Intercultural communication patterns and tactics Nordic expatriates in Japan.International Business Review,16(1), 68-82. doi10.1016/j.ibusrev.2006.12.001Peltokorpi, V. (2008). Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates in Japan.International Journal Of Human Resource Management,19(9), 1588-1606. doi10.1080/09585190802294903Froese, F. J., Peltokorpi, V. (2013). Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates differences in cross-cultural adjustment and job satisfaction.International Journal Of Human Resource Management,24(10), 1953-1967. do i10.1080/09585192.2012.725078Taylor, S., Napier, N. (1996). Working in Japan Lessons from women expatriates.Sloan Management Review,37(3), 76. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/224969161?accountid=147711

Relationships: Reading Material & Student Workbook

Relationships Reading Material & Student WorkbookLove YourselfBe kind to yourself when you induct mistakes. Remember no one is perfect.Stop cheeking towards opposites for approval. sort inside yourself, and love each part of you.You shouldnt everyow opposite people to tell you who you atomic number 18. You atomic number 18 the only one who commode decide that.You need to love yourself first before you rouse genuinely love others.Family TimeQuality period is time spent doing an activity that is meaningful to the substantial family.You learn more or less your family from the time you spend together.The learning process takes place in the many daily t directs of manners done as a family. LikeEating meals togetherTalking over the eld activitiesDealing with challengesInteracting with people outside the familyIdeas for family activities_For Example.Make Tuesday night the family punt night or start a new family tradition.____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sibling RivalryWhat causes sibling rivalry?Birth OrderBrothers vs. sistersAgeParental attitudeTips to rescind getting into a fight with your brother or sisterAl right smarts stop, breathe, and think before arguing.Remind yourself that you ready special talents. return to praise your siblings for their achievements portion out their pride.Past fetchs with my siblings how I could have handled them antithetically or better________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Thoughts for how I could positivistly handle other situations with my siblings_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Teen YearsThe teen years are the most challenging years for families.Remember your parents will always be your parents and still have authority of what you do under their roof.Follow the curfew set and chouse that parents will always dread more or less you especially if you are late. Call them when youre red to be late.Effective communication is spot. If parents feel that you are keeping them in the loop, you will gain more of their religious belief and respect.Believe it or not parents do know what is best for you so listen and learn from them.Learn from their feel experiences.Choose wisely when selecting your group of sponsors and/or boy recall dose. You are who you serve out with. You will take on their characteristics within one months time. assume and AcknowledgeRepeat and acknowledge is a communication tool that will help to identify the real problem and allow both parties to fully acknowledge the other persons sense and concerns with out an argument.Role Play RulesTwo participants A Giver and a ReceiverGiver speaks a feelingReceiver disk operating systems backwards and ask for corrections, What I hear you saying is.. Is this correct?If the Giver answers YES the Receiver will own, acknowledge and validates the givers feelings,If the Giver answe rs NO The Receiver will repeat step one until they watch to a YES.Choose Your Friends WiselyYour friends have such a powerful influence over your attitude, reputation and direction.The need to be authoritative and part of a group is very powerful.Too often friends are chosen based on whoever will accept us.Its hard, but sometimes it is better to have no friends for a time than to have the wrong friends.The wrong group can lead you down all kinds of paths you really dont indirect request to be on.You can look for friends anywhere they dont have to be the same age as you. You can be friends with your parents, your grandparents, cousins, etc. Anyone who shares your interests and will be there for you is a friendQualities to Look For In a Friend slightlyone you can trust.Someone who encourages you to succeed and achieve and celebrates your successes.A person of good character (honest, sincere, loyal, respectful, responsible).Peacefully resolves conflicts.Has strong positive kindred s with his or her parents and other adults.Serious about school.Knows how to assimilate plans and set goals.Has a positive view of the future.Gets along with many different people.Kind and com torrid.Respects himself or herself.Avoids dangerous situations.Takes positive risks.Gives back to the community and serves others.Is a positive influence on yourself and others.Qualities I feel are important when looking for a friend_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Qualities I pauperism to avoid when looking for a friend________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Qualities that I will have as a friend to others_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Develop Lifelong Friendships enchantment in CollegeDeveloping lifelong friendships may be one of the most rewarding aspects of college life.Friendship StatisticsBetween the ages of 15 an d 25 is when most people appoint lifelong friendships.Singles tend to rely on friends for companionship.Best friends usually become an extended family.College friends are somewhat different than friends from superior school because you tie in different ways. You may bond during late night study sessions, making dinner together, or during long drives home. Theyre somewhat give care your family away from home. Some friends may make sure that you wake up in time for your midterm or make you soup when youre sick. During college there are a diversity of ways to develop these friendships, which have the potential of becoming lifelong friendships.Living with RoommatesSometimes many students make lifelong friendships with their roommates. If you have a good experience with your roommate during your first year of college, you may want to continue living with that roommate. You may also decide to live with other people as well. overlap a house or an apartment allows you to spend time wi th people and really get to know who they are. You may learn things that only their families know about them ilk how long they take in the shower or what kinds of odd things they like to eat. Living together also provides opportunities for a lot of inside jokes, which can create even stronger bonds. You may also become closer when one of you becomes sick, and the parental instinct kicks in.Joining a ClubBy joining a club, you may be able to find people who share similar interests. Usually college campuses offer a variety of clubs like those that are associated with academic majors, public interests, politics, music, or careers. There are also fraternities and sororities at different colleges. Clubs provide an opportunity to go out people outside of the classroom, and the opportunity for you to get involved with something that youre passionate about. Being involved in extracurricular activities may also alleviate some of your stress.Making Friends for LifeDeveloping lifelong frien dships does take some time. Dont be discouraged if the first couple of people you meet dont turn out to be the type of friends you were hoping for. You may need to keep on provideing to meet new people. You may make friends with people who you wouldnt have considered being friends with before. If you feel uneasy about the friends you have made, afflict to remember what you liked about your friends from high school. Keep yourself surrounded by good people who share similar goals to help you stay on track.Tough DecisionsYou are young, free and have your whole life before you. You have to choose which path you take in lifeDo you want to go to college or graduate school?Should you try out for that team?What type of friends do you want to have?Who will you date?What values will you choose?What will you stand for?What kind of relationship do you want with your family?How will you contribute to your community?When The Going Gets ToughThe tough challenges are conflicts between doing the r ight thing and doing the easier thing. They are the key tests, the delineate moments of life and how you handle them can literally shape your life. They come in two kinds, small challenges and major challenges.Small Challenges occur daily and are easier to conquer. They take things likeacquiring up when your alarm ringsControlling your temperDisciplining yourself to do your homework.Overcoming spending urges and saving money.If you can conquer yourself and be strong during these challenges your days will run much more smoothly. Soon enough, these moments will prove to have less and less power over your life.Major Challenges occur every so often in life and include things likeChoosing good friendsResisting negative consort insistencyRebounding afterwards a major setbackParents divorcingGetting cut from a teamThese challenges have huge consequences and often strike when youre least prepared for them. If you recognize that these moments will come then you can be prepared for them and meet them head on.Peer PressureWhat is Peer Pressure?It is the drag, stress or strain we all feel from friends and classmates to act, behave, think and look a certain way. This kind of pressure can cover everything from fashion to sex and dating.Peer pressure can be negative, where mortal is coerced into doing something that they know is wrong (e.g. drugs, smoking, or pressure to have sex) or it can be positive, for example, a teen whose friends are all high achievers in school will feel pressure to also be successful.Beware of friends that seem to be friends but really are not. They may try to take advantage of you.Do unto others as you would want them to do unto you. They may do some things to you that you would never do to them.Who is Affected By Peer Pressure?Anyone can be affected by companion pressure however, teens with low-self esteem are most likely to fall victim to negative peer pressure.Overcoming Peer PressureSome of the hardest moments come when facing peer pr essure. advanceing no when all of your friends are saying yes takes raw courage. Sometimes peer pressure can be so strong that the only way to resist it is to remove yourself entirely from the environment youre in. This is especially true if you are involved with a gang, sorority, or a tight group of friends.To overcome peer pressure, youve got to care more about what you think of you than what your peers think of you.So Why is Peer Pressure so Hard to Resist?It is because you want to belong. Everyone wants to feel accepted by some sort of a group.Thats why teens are often willing to go through brutal hazing rituals to become a member of a club or get heavy into drugs or drinking in order to fit into a particular group.Sometimes you simply need a wake-up call to snap out of it.Why do Teens Pressure Other Teens to do Things?Some teens believe that manipulating people to do things they shouldnt gives them a sense of authorisation over others.Some teens are jealous and envious of wha t you have, but only want to be more like you.Some teens think its cool to try to get away with doing things that are wrong just to see if you will side with them.Some teens use pressure to get whats best for them, even though they know that the outcome wont be good for you. This is very self-centered thinking.How do You Walk Away from Peer Pressure when you Know its Having a cast out Impact on you?The idea that everyones doing it, so it must be cool is not always true. Dont go along if you are uncomfortable with the idea.Ignore the person. look out with people who dont pressure you to do risky things.Even though its tough to say no you can do it if you believe in yourself. Try it and see how good it makes you feel. Often, you will find others agreeing with you.It can really make things a lot easier if you have at least one other friend who is on your side.Make up your mind beforehand that certain things in life will always be a definite NO like drugs, cigarettes, lying and stealin g.Remember that the values that your parents taught you will make you stronger in handling peer pressure and you can always use them as your excuse as why you wont do something.Since it is rather difficult to always say no to friends, try and choose likeminded people as friends.Refuse to let yourself down. If you can think of peer pressure as letting yourself down, it becomes easier to combat it. It will make you feel more confident and raise your own self -esteem. slipway to Resist Negative Peer PressureWalk away.Ignore the personPretend that the person must be joking. (What a riot You are so funny.) translate no calmly but firmly.Say no and give a reason (No. Cigarette smoke makes me sick.)Say no and state a value or belief thats important to you. (No. Ive decided not to have sex until I get married.)Say no and warn about the possible consequences. (No way We could all get expelled.)Say no and change the subject. (No, Im not interested. Say, what did you think of that stunt Clari sse pulled in math class straightaway?)Say no and offer a positive alternative. (No thanks, Ill pass. Im going for a bike ride. Want to come?)Say no and ask a question. (No Why would I want to do that?)Say no and use humor. (Forget it. Id rather go play on the freeway its safer.)Say no and apply some pressure of your own. (No. Hey, I always thought you were smarter than that.)Share your feelings. (I dont like being around people who are drinking.)Use your parents as an excuse. (My dad would kill me if I ever did that.)Stick up for yourself. (Im not going to do that. It wouldnt be good for me.)Confront the person. (I cant believe youd ask me to do that. I thought you were my friend.)Call another friend to help you.Always have an out a platform B. (Sorry, I cant come to the party. I promised my sister Id take her to a movie.)Make an excuse. (Gotta run. I told my mom Id clean my room.)Laugh.Hang out with people who dont pressure you do to risky things.Ask a peer mediator to help.Tel l an adult.Trust your instincts. If something doesnt feel right, it probably isnt right.Avoid the person from then on.Just Say NOWhy is NO, a two letter word, so hard to say?Say No it may be tough, but believe in yourself and often you will find others agreeing with you.Practice saying NO for all the right reasons.Role play saying NO with a family member or a friend.Once you say NO understand that there is no going back. People will eventually respect you more for standing up for yourself.Saying NO means you can feel more in control of your life.List any suggestions from class for avoiding peer pressure__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________Not all peer pressure is bad. If you can find friends who put positive pressure on you to be your best, then hang on to him or her for dear life, because you have someone very special.If your self-confidence and self-respect is low, how can you expect to have the strength to resist?Make a promise to yourself and keep itHelp someone in needDevelop a talentRenew YourselfEventually youll have sufficient strength to follow your own path instead of going down the beaten path.Dating 101Be clear with yourself about what kind of qualities you ideally want in the opposite sex based upon your require and values.Once you set the qualities you need, never wavier from them.Know what personality characteristics and values you want your date to have.Be clear with yourself about your minimum requirements and what you will and wont be satisfied with.Dont be misled by what you see in the beginning.Dont make a long-term commitment during the first phase of the r elationship.You should also delay committing yourself to the person until after you have had an argument or two.Your potential partner needs to get to know you, so be visible, open and honest from the beginning.Suggested similarities for better relationshipsSimilar meat beliefs and values regarding ethics, morals, religion and spiritual issues.Contents and style of life.Desire and need for affection and togetherness.Standards of cleanliness and order.Beliefs regarding division of labor and responsibilities.Level of need and desire for social activities. add of involvement with others.Types and frequency of activities.Characteristics Qualities I am looking for in a relationship______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________As I date, I have learned that I want_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________As I date, I have learned that I dont want_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Healthy Vs. Unhealthy RelationshipsWhat Makes a Healthy Relationship?Mutual respectThe key is that your significant other is into you for who you are for your bang-up sense of humor, your love of reality TV, etc. Does your partner listen when you say youre not comfortable doing something and then back off right away? Respect in a relationship means that each person values who the other is and understands and would never challenge the other persons boundaries.TrustIts ok to get a little jealous sometimes jealousy is a natural emotion. But how a person reacts when he or she feels jealous is what matters. Theres no way you can have a healthy relationship if you dont trust each other.HonestyThis one goes hand-in-hand with trust because its tough to trust someone when one of you isnt being honest.SupportIts not just in good times that your partner should support you. Some people are great when your whole world is going well, but cant take being there when things are going wrong. In a healthy relationship, your significant other i sthere with a shoulder to cry on whenyou find out your parents are getting divorced and to celebrate with you when you get the lead in a play.Fairness/equalityYou need to have give-and-take in your relationship, too. Do you take turns choosing which new movie to see? As a couple, do you hang out with your partners friends as often as you hang out with yours? Youll know if it isnt a fair balance. Things get bad really fast when a relationship turns into a power struggle, with one person fighting to get his or her way all the time.Separate identitiesIn a healthy relationship, everyone needs to make compromises. That doesnt mean you should feel like youre losing out on being yourself. When you started going out, you both had your own lives your own families, friends, interests, hobbies, etc. and that shouldnt change. Neither of you should have to pretend to like something you dont, give up seeing your friends, nor drop out of activities you love. You also should feel free to keep deve loping new talents or interests, making new friends, and mournful forward.Good communicationYouve probably heard lots of stuff about how men and women dont seem to speak the same language. We all know how many different meanings the little phrase no, nothings wrong can have, depending on whos saying it But whats important is to ask if youre not sure what he or she means, and speak honestly and openly so that the miscommunication is avoided in the first place. Never keep a feeling bottled up because youre afraid its not what your BF or GF wants to hear or because you worry about sounding silly.What Makes an Unhealthy Relationship?A relationship is unhealthy when it involves mean, disrespectful, controlling, or abusive carriage. Some people live in homes with parents who fight a lot or abuse each other emotionally or physically. For some people who have grown up around this kind of behavior it can almost seem normal or ok. Its not Qualities like kindness and respect are absolute req uirements for a healthy relationship. Someone who doesnt to that degree have this part down may need to work on it with a trained therapist before he or s